The German botanist Georg Bitter, who worked in Berlin, Bremen and Göttingen in the years between the two World Wars, published extensively in Solanum (see complete bibliography in Weber 1928) but never constructed a classification of the entire genus. and CyphomandraSendtn., both now subsumed in a monophyletic Solanum (see Bohs 2005 Peralta et al. Dunal (1852) maintained as separate the genera Lycopersicon Mill. In Candolle’s Prodromus, Dunal (1852) erected a classification of subsections and ambiguous grades to reflect morphology, mostly of leaf division and inflorescence position. He renamed these at the sectional level (but illegitimately, as he cited groups he had previously named as sections, e.g., Pteroidea Dunal in synonymy) “ Pachystemonum”, for species with stout anthers and no prickles, and “ Leptostemonum”, for species with tapering anthers, usually with stellate hairs and usually possessing prickles ( Dunal 1852) these divisions were essentially the same as his Inermia and Aculeata. 1981, Vorontosova and Knapp 2012, in review many other groups with monographs in progressĭunal (1813, 1816) divided the genus into two major groups, Inermia (unarmed solanums) and Aculeata (armed solanums), based on presence or absence of prickles. For revisions of individual species published on-line see Solanaceae Source ( ). The major clades of Solanum (after Bohs 2005). This treatment is part of this collaborative effort.
Work by participants of the ‘PBI Solanum’ project (see ) will result in a modern monographic treatment of the entire genus available on-line. A project funded by the United States National Science Foundation’s Planetary Biodiversity Inventory program begun in 2004 sought to redress this situation by attempting to accelerate species-level taxonomic work across the genus as a whole and at the same time providing a robust phylogenetic framework for this taxonomy. The combination of large numbers of species with relatively poorly circumscribed groups within the genus has meant that Solanum taxonomy has proceeded in a piecemeal fashion until relatively recently. Subsequent work on the taxonomy of Solanum has largely been limited to rearrangements of infrageneric taxa, or to the species-level revisions of smaller groups within the genus (see references in Table 1) and floristic treatments. The last time the genus was monographed in its entirety was in Candolle’s Prodromus ( Dunal 1852) which included 900 Solanum species. By 1816, when Dunal revised this work ( Dunal 1816), this number had risen to 321 many of these additional taxa were based on specimens collected by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland in tropical South America (see Knapp 2007b). The French botanist Michel-Félix Dunal included 235 species in his thesis ( Dunal 1813), mostly the result of extensive European exploration of the Americas.
The genus was one of Linneaus’s (1753) larger, with 23 species mostly described from European or African material.
Solanum is recognised by its usually pentamerous flowers with fused sepals and petals, stellate to pentagonal corollas, and stamens with short filaments and anthers opening by terminal pores. Knapp, unpubl.) occurring on all temperate and tropical continents, the genus occupies an incredibly wide range of habitats and habits, but the highest diversity of both groups and species occurs in circum-Amazonian tropical South America. is one of the ten most species-rich genera of flowering plants ( Frodin 2004).
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